General principles --
1 Introduction: constitutional themes and structures --
1.1 What is Constitutional Law? --
1.2 The Definition of a Constitution --
1.3 Types of Constitution Constitutional Balance --
1.4 Fundamental Characteristics of the UK Constitution --
1.5.1 Unitary: Parliamentary Supremacy --
1.5.2 Unwritten --
1.5.3 Informal --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
2 Underlying political values: liberalism --
2.1. Introduction --
2.2 Varieties of Liberalism --
2.2.1 Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): The Impersonal State and Individualism --
2.2.2 John Locke (1632-1704): Individual Rights and Majority Government --
2.2.3 David Hume (1711-76), Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), John Stuart Mill (1806-73): Utilitarianism and Welfare Liberalism --
2.2.4 Robert Nozick (1938-2002): 'Libertarian' Liberalism --
2.2.5 Fredrich Hayek (1899-1992): Economic Liberalism --
2.2.6 Isaiah Berlin (1907-97): Positive and Negative Freedom --
2.2.7 Liberal Pluralism: Group Liberalism --
2.3Republicanism --
2.4 Equality --
2.5 Democracy --
2.5.1 Representative Democracy --
2.5.2 Participatory Democracy --
2.5.3 Market Democracy: Political Parties
2.5.4 Parliamentary and Presidential Systems --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
3 The sources of the constitution --
3.1 Introduction --
3.2 Statute Law --
3.3 The Common Law --
3.4 Constitutional Conventions --
3.4.1 Definitions and Binding Force --
3.4.2 The Purposes of Conventions --
3.4.3 Why are Conventions Obeyed? --
3.4.4 Law and Convention --
3.4.5 Codification of Conventions --
3.5 Constitutional Silence and Abeyance --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
4 Historical outline --
4.1 Introduction --
4.2 The Medieval Period --
4.3The Tudor Period --
4.4 The Seventeenth-century Revolution --
4.5The Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Parliamentary System --
4.6 The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Democracy and the Central State --
4.7 Contemporary Issues --
Summary --
Exercises --
Allah Further reading --
5 An overview of the main institutions of the UK constitution --
5.1 Introduction: Legitimacy --
5.2 The Monarchy Parliament --
5.3.1 The Meeting of Parliament --
5.4 The Executive --
5.4.1 Appointing, Controlling and Removing the Executive --
5.4.2 The Composition of the Executive --
5.5 The Judiciary --
5.5.1 The Appointment and Dismissal of Judges --
5.5.2 Tribunals --
5.5.3 Inquiries --
5.6 'Ad Hoc Bodies' --
5.7 Local Government --
5.8 Contents The Police --
5.9 The Privy Council --
5.10 The Church of England --\
5.11 Standards in Government --
5.11.1 Ombudsmen --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
6 The territory and regions of the UK --
6.1 Introduction: The Notion of the State --
6.2 Citizenship --
6.3 Removal from the UK --
6.3.1 Deportation --
6.3.2 Extradition --
6.4 Federalism --
6.5 Devolution --
6.5.1 Scotland --
6.5.2 Northem Ireland --
6.5.3 Wales --
6.5.4 England --
6.6 The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man --
6.7 Overseas Territories --
6.8 International Treaties --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
7 The rule of law ers --
7.1 Introduction: The Nature of the Rule of Law 21S --
7.2 Historical Background --
7.3The 'Core' Rule of Law --
7.3.1The Rule of Law Freedom --
7.3.2 Dicey's Version --
7.4 The 'Amplified' Rule of Law --
7.5 The Extended (Liberal) Rule of Law --
7.6 The International Rule of Law --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
8 The separation of powers --
8.1 Introduction: Montesquieu's Doctrine of the Separation of Powers --
8.2 The Mixed Constitution --
8.3 Other Kinds of Separation --
8.4 Judicial Independence --
8.5 The Separation of Powers in the UK --
8.6 Separation of Function --
8.6.1 Parliament and the Executive: Delegated Legislation --
8.6.2 Parliament and the Courts --
8.6.3 The Executive and the Courts --
8.7 Separation of Personnel --
8.7.1 The Lord Chancellor --
8.8 Checks and Balances --
8.8.1 The Executive and the Legislature --
8.8.2 The Executive and the Courts --
8.8.3 Parliament and Courts --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
9 Parliamentary supremacy --
9.1 Introduction --
9.2 The Meaning of Parliamentary Supremacy --
9.3 The Three Facets of Parliamentary Supremacy --
9.4 Challenging Parliamentary Supremacy --
9.4.1 Grants of Independence --
9.4.2 Acts of Union: Was Parliament Bom Unfree? --
9.4.3 Redefinition Theory --
9.4.4 European Community Law S --
9.4.5 The Common Law --
9.5 Parliamentary Supremacy and the Rule of Law --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
10 The European Union --
10.1 Introduction: The Nature of the European Union --
10.2 Community Institutions --
10.2.1The Council of Ministers --
10.2.2 The European Commission --
10.2.3 The European Parliament --
10.2.4 The European Court of Justice Community Law and National Law --
10.3.1 Direct Applicability and Direct Effect --
10.3.2 Indirect Effect --
10.3.3 State Liability --
10.3.4 Effective Remedies --
10.4 Democracy and the European Union --
10.5 Federalism and the European Union --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
Government Institutions --
11 Parliament: constitutional position --
11.1 Introduction --
11.2 The Meeting of Parliament --
11.3 The Functions of the House of Commons --
11.4 The Functions of the House of Lords --
11.5 The Parliament Acts --
11.6 Parliamentary Privilege --
11.6.1 Contempt of Parliament --
11.6.2 'Exclusive Cognisance' --
11.6.3 Freedom of Speech --
11.7 Standards in the Commons --
11.8 Standards in the House of Lords --
11.9 The Courts and Parliament --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
12 The composition of Parliament and parliamentary elections --
12.1 Introduction --
12.2 The House of Lords --
12.3 Reform of the House of Lords --
12.4 Membership of the House --
12.5 The Electoral System of Commons --
12.5.1 The Purpose of Elections --
12.5.2 The Electoral Commission --
12.5.3 General Elections and By-elections --
12.5.4 Candidates --
12.5.5 Eligibility to Vote --
12.5.6 The Voting System --
12.5.7 Other Voting Systems: the Devolved Governments --
12.5.8 The Constituencies --
12.5.9 Voting Procedures --
12.5.10 Election Campaigns --
12.5.11 Election Disputes --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
13 Parliamentary procedure --
13.1 Introduction --
13.2 The Speaker of the Commons Legislative Procedure --
13.3.1 Public Bills --
13.3.2 Private Bills
13.4 Government Control over Procedure: Cutting Short Debate --
13.5 Financial Procedure --
13.5.1 Taxation Procedure --
13.5.2 Supply Procedure --
13.6 Supervision of the Executive --
13.6.1 Questions --
13.6.2 Debates --
13.6.3 Select Committees --
13.6.4 Supervising Expenditure --
13.6.5 Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation --
13.7 Redress of Grievances --
13.7.1 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration --
13.8 House of Lords Procedure --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
14 The Crown --
14.1 Introduction: The Nature of the Crown --
14.2 Succession to the Monarchy --
14.3 Financing the Monarchy --
14.4 The Personal Powers of the Monarch --
14.5 Crown Immunities --
14.6 The Royal Prerogative --
14.6.1 Modem Prerogative Powers --
14.6.2 Two Kinds of Prerogative Power? --
14.6.3 Political Control over the Prerogative --
14.6.4 Judicial Control --
14.6.5 Prerogative and Statute --
14.6.6 Prerogative and Human Rights --
14.6.7 Reform --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
15 Ministers and departments --
15.1 Introduction --
15.2 The Powers of the Prime Minister --
15.3 The Cabinet --
15.4 Ministers --
15.5 Government Departments --
15.5.1The Treasury --
15.6 The Law Officers --
15.7 Ministerial Responsibility --
15.7.1 Collective Responsibility --
15.7.2 Individual Responsibility --
15.8 Civil Servants --
15.8.1 Legal Status of a Civil Servant Contents --
15.8.2 Appointments --
15.8.3 Discipline --
15.8.4 Special Advisers --
15.8.5 Civil Servants and Ministerial Responsibility --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
The Citizen and the State --
16 Part III The grounds of judicial review, I: Illegality and ultra vires --
16.1 Introduction: The Constitutional Basis of Judicial Review L --
16.2 Appeal and Review --
16.3 Classification of the Grounds of Review --
16.4 Illegality: 'Narrow' Ultra Vires --
16.5 Errors of Law and Fact --
16.5.1 Errors and the ECHR --
16.6 'Wide' Ultra Vires: Proper Purposes and Relevant Considerations --
16.7 Fettering Discretion --
16.8 Legitimate Expectations --
16.9 Duty and Discretion --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
17 The grounds of judicial review, II: Beyond ultra vires --
17.1 Irrationality/Unreasonableness --
17.1.1 Proportionality --
17.2 Procedural Impropriety: Statutory Procedural Requirements --
17.3 Procedural Impropriety: The Right to a Fair Hearing --
17.4 Procedural Impropriety: Bias A --
17.5 Procedural Impropriety: Reasons for Decisions --
17.6 Natural Justice and the European Convention on Human Rights --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
18 Judicial review remedies --
18.1 Introduction --
18.2 The Range of Remedies --
18.3 The Judicial Review Procedure --
18.4 Standing (Locus Standi) --
18.5 Choice of Procedure: Public and Private Law --
18.5.1 Public Law Matters: Scope of the Judicial Review Procedure --
18.5.2 Exclusivity The Exclusion of Judicial Review --
18.6.1 Justiciability --
18.6.2 Statutory Exclusion of Review --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
19 Human rights and civil liberties --
19.1 Introduction: The Bill of Rights Debate --
19.2 The Common Law --
19.3 The European Convention on Human Rights --
19.4 The Scope of the Human Rights Act 1998 --
19.4.1 Extraterritorial Application --
19.5 The Interpretative Obligation --
19.6 Declaration of Incompatibility --
19.7 Statement of Compatibility --
19.8 Remedies --
19.9 Public Authorities --
19.10 Horizontal Effect --
19.11 Overriding Protected Rights --
19.11.1 Proportionality --
19.11.2 Margin of Discretion --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
20 Freedom of expression and assembly --
20.1 lntroduction: Justifications for Freedom of Expression --
20.2 The Legal Status of Freedom of Expression --
20.3 Press Freedom and Censorship --
20.3.1 The Free Flow of Information --
20.3.2 Press Freedom and Reputation: Defamation --
20.3.3 Press Freedom and Privacy --
20.4 'Hate Speech' --
20.4.1 Religion Political Protest --
20.4.2 Racism --
20.5 Demonstrations and Meetings --
20.5.1 Police Powers --
20.5.2 Public Order Offences --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
21 Exceptional powers: security, state secrecy and emergencies --
21.1 Introduction: Security and the Courts Access to Information --
21.2.1 The Freedom of Information Act 2000 --
21.2.2 Other Statutory Rights to Information --
21.3 Disclosure of Government Information --
21.3.1 The Official Secrets Act 1989: Criminal Law --
21.3.2 Civil Liability: Breach of Confidence --
21.3.3 Public Interest Immunity Special Advocates --
21.4 The Security and Intelligence Services --
21.5 Emergency Powers --
21.6 Anti-terrorism Measures --
21.6.1 Definition of Terrorism --
21.6.2 Proscription --
21.6.3 Arrest and Pre-charge Detention: Stop and Search --
21.6.4 Indefinite Detention --
21.6.5 Control Orders --
21.6.6 Parliament's Hierarchy of Human Rights --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
Index.