Preface to the fourth edition --
About the online resource centre --
Table of legislation --
Table of treaties and conventions --
List of cases --
I DEFINING THE CONSTITUTION? --
I. The meaning(s) of 'democracy"? --
II. The first 'modern' constitution? --
The problem - majoritarianism --
The solutions - representative government, federalism, --
separation of powers, and supra-legislative 'fundamental' rights --
Conclusion --
2 PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY --
Pre-1688-natural or divine law 201 --
The Diceyan (or orthodox) theory doll --
The political source of parliamentary sovereignty the 'Glorious Revolution --
1. Legal authority for the principle of parliamentary sovereignty--
Substance or procedure? The enrolled bill rule --
The doctrine of implied repeal Inconsistency with international law --
II. Entrenching legislation - challenges to the orthodox position --
Jennings' critique and the 'rule of recognition' --
Is parliamentary sovereignty a British or English concept? --
Women's enfranchisement Conclusion --
3 THE RULE OF LAW AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS --
I. The Diceyan perspective: the rule of law in the pre-welfare state--
Entick v Carrington Dicey's rule of law - process or substance? --
The 'independence of the judiciary' --
II. The rule of law in the welfare state --
Hayek - the road to serfdom --
๋jones - the rule of law in the welfare stae --
III. Judicial regulation of government behaviour: the --
constitutional rationale --
IV. Principles of statutory interpretation --
Liversidge v Anderson --
R v IRC, ex p Rossminster Ltd --
Conclusion --
V. Stare decision --
VI. Parliamentary sovereignty --v the rule of law Ouster clauses - Gilmore and Anisminic --
VII. Retrospective law-making --
Retrospectivity in legislation - the War Damage Act 1965 --
Retrospectivity at common law? Rape within marriage --
Conclusion --
4 THE ROYAL PREROGATIVE --
The source of prerogative powers --
Post 1688- the revolutionary settlement --
1 The relationship between statute, the prerogative and the rule of law I. A-G v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd --
Fitzgerald v Muldoon --
Laker Airways Ltd v Department of Trade --
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Fire Brigades Union --
II The traditional perspective on judicial review of prerogative powers: and its erosion --
Developments in the 1960s and 1970s --
III. Full reviewability - the GCHQ case--
IV. Post-GCHQ developments --
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Northumbria --
Police Authority (1988) --
Foreign affairs? --
Excluded categories: a shrinking list? --
V. 'Justiciability' revisited - are all statutory powers subject to full review? --
Conclusion --
5 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS --
Crown and Commons - the original intent and the subsequent rise of 'party' politics --
The fusion of powers, the rise of the party system and Cabinet dominance of the Commons --
Setting the context --
The sources of the Commons' procedural rules --
Resources --
II. The passage of legislation --
The second reading --
Standing committees --
Report and third reading --
Conclusion --
Private members' Bills --
Private Bills --
Hybrid Bills --
Delegated legislation --
'Henry VIII clauses' --
Conclusion --
III. Controlling the executive --
Motions on the floor of the house --
Emergency debates and adjournment debates --
Questions to Ministers --
Prime Ministerial accountability on the floor of the house --
Early Day Motions --
Questions for written answerpolatedostogos --
Informal processes --
The departmental select committee system bobs --
Conclusion --
6 THE HOUSE OF LORDS --
I Bicameral legislatures: a functionalist justification ATM The historical background --
Co-equality to complementarity: a conventional change--
Lloyd George and the 'People's Budget' --
The Parliament Act 1911 --
The Salisbury Doctrine and the Parliament Act 1949 --
II. The House of Lords in the modern era --
Life Peerages --
The 1968 reforms --
The 1974-1979 Parliament --
The House of Lords and the Thatcher governments --
III. The work of the House of Lords today --
Deliberation --
Revision of legislation --
Control of delegated legislation --
Scrutiny of the executive --
IV. The 1999 reforms --
The 'reformed' House of Lords --
The recommendations of the Wakeham Commission --
The 2001 White Paper --
One Parliament or three: Jackson v Attorney-General --
Conclusion --
7 THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM --
The evolution of a 'democratic' electoral system? I--
. The Great Reform Act 1832 --
Chartism and the pursuit of a 'democratic' electoral system --
The 1867-1884 reforms: towards a universal 'right' to vote and a 'fair' electoral contest --
Gender discrimination: women's right to vote --
Conclusion --
II The contemporary electoral process --
Apportionment - drawing constituency boundaries --
The contents and conduct of election campaigns --
Counting the vote --
Conclusion --
8 PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE --
Article of the Bill of Rights 1689 --
I The admission, retention and expulsion of members --
Ashby v White revisited --
Paty's Case --
John Wilkes --
Charles Bradlaugh dabro to a --
Freedom from imprisonment, arrest and molestation --
II. The principle of informed consent? --
III. The justiciability of 'proceedings in parliament' --
Actions in defamation --
What are 'proceedings in Parliament'? --
'Redefining Parliament' - Pepper v Hart --
IV. 'Contempt' of the House --
The 1967 report of the Privileges Committee --
The regulation of MPs' ethical standards --
V. The Register of Members' Interests --
'Cash for questions' and the report of the Nolan Commission --
The Defamation Act 1996 s 13 and the Hamilton libel actions --
Conclusion --
9 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS --
The Diceyan perspective - laws and conventions distinguished --
The functions and sources of conventions Collective ministerial responsibility--
I. Confidence --
Unanimity --
Confidentiality--
II. The Monarch --
The Australian crisis of 1975 --
III. Collective ministerial responsibility revisited: from Cabinet to Prime Ministerial government...? --
... and back again? --
IV. Individual ministerial responsibility --
Issues of competence E--
rrors of judgment --
Issues of morality --
Reforming the executive: 1 - the Parliamentary Commissioner --
for Administration --
Reforming the executive: 2- 'Next Steps' and privatisation --
V. Can conventions become laws? 2: patriating the Canadian Constitution --
Patriating the Canadian Constitution --
VI. From ministerial responsibility to ministerial accountability? The Matrix-Churchill controversy --
Conclusion - the conventional basis of parliamentary sovereignty? --
10 LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1: CONVENTIONAL PLURALISM? --
I. Localism, tradition and the 'modernisation' of local government --
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 --
II. Local government's constitutional status in the early twentieth century law and convention --
The physical boundaries of local authorities --
III. Taxation and representation: the fiscal autonomy of local government --
IV. The role of the judiciary --
V. Council housing --
VI. Education --
The emergence of comprehensive education --
Conclusion --
11 LOCAL GOVERNMENT --
2: LEGAL AUTHORITARIANISM? --
'Authoritarian populism' - the ideological agenda of the Thatcher governments -
I. Financial 'reform' 1: Grant penalties and ratecapping Ratecapping --
II. Collective politics and individual rights: the judicial role --
'Fares Fair': Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council --
Wheeler v Leicester City Council --
R v Lewisham London Borough Council, ex p Shell UK Ltd --
Section 17 of the Local Government Act 1988 --
III. Institutional and ideological reform --
The abolition of the GLC and the metropolitan counties --
IV. Privatising local government --
The Widdicombe Report --
Housing-individuated and collective privatisation --
The management of state schools --
V. Financial 'reform' 2: The Community Chargeveland --
A step too far? The demise of the poll tax --
Conclusion --
VI. The Blair government's reforms --
The Local Government Acts 1999 and 2000 --
The governance of London --
Conclusion- from ambivalence to intolerance? --
12 THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY 1957-1986 --
I. The Treaty of Rome --
1: Founding principles --
The types of EEC law and law-making processes --
The status of EC law within the legal systems of the Member States --
Questions of accessibility 1: the 'direct effect' of Treaty articles --
Questions of hierarchy 1: the 'precedence' or 'supremacy' of Treaty articles over domestic legislation --
Laws, conventions and 'ultimate political facts': the 'empty chair crisis' and the Luxembourg Accords --
Questions of accessibility and hierarchy 2: The direct effect and --
precedence of decisions, regulations and directives --
Member State judicial reaction to the direct effect and precedence of --
EEC law --
Conclusion U --
II. nited Kingdom accession --
EEC membership and parliamentary sovereignty: the legislators' views - and their votes --
The European Communities Act 1972 - the passage --
The European Communities Act 1972 - the terms --
Parliamentary sovereignty: a non-justiciable concept? --
The 1975 referendum --
III. The Treaty of Rome 2: precedence and direct effect revisited --
Confirming the direct effect of directives --
The horizontal direct effect of Treaty articles - Walrave v Kochi T The justiciability test and the horizontal direct effect principle reaffirmed and expanded - Defrenne v SABENA --
Immediate precedence: Simmenthal --
Effet utile before the Conseil D'Etat: the Cohn-Bendit controversy --
IV. EEC Law, parliamentary sovereignty and the UK courts: phase one --
The end of the doctrine of implied repeal? Macarthys v Smith --
A matter of interpretation? Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd --
V. Direct effect - the saga continues Con --
The horizontal and vertical direct effect of directives? Marshall v --
Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority --
Making sense of Marshall? The emergence of 'indirect effect' loggent --
An analytical overview: 'normative' and 'decisional' supra-nationalism --
The reduction of the 'democratic deficit' and the emergence of human --
rights as general principles of EEC law Conclusion --
13 THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AFTER THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT --
I. The Single European Act the terms --
Reducing the democratic deficit - Treaty amendment --
Domestic disquiet: Margaret Thatcher's Bruges speech --
II. Normative supra-nationalism - the ECJ continues --
The 'indirect effect' of directives - continued --
Reducing the democratic deficit: judicial initiatives --
III. EC Law, parliamentary sovereignty and the UK courts: phase two --
Duke v GEC Reliance Ltd --
Pickstone v Freemans --
Litster v Forth Dry Dock and Engineering Co Ltd --
Pickstone and Litster - usurping the legislative function? --
IV. The end of parliamentary sovereignty: Or its reappearance? --
The demise of the legal doctrine? Factortame --
The reappearance of the political doctrine? Monetary union, collective ministerial responsibility and the fall of Margaret Thatcher --
V. The Francovich remedy
Francovich --
VI. Maastricht and Amsterdam --
The terms of the Maastricht Treaty --
The ratification and incorporation of the Maastricht Treaty --
The Treaty of Amsterdam Conclusion --
14 SUBSTANTIVE GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW: ILLEGALITY, IRRATIONALITY AND PROPORTIONALITY --
I. Illegality --
Excess of powers --
Unlawful delegation of powers --
Fettering of discretion --
Estoppel --
11. Irrationality --
III. Proportionality - a new ground of review? --
Conclusion --
15 PROCEDURAL GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW--
I. Audi alterem partem - the right to a fair hearing --
The initial rise, dilution and fall of the audi alterem partem principle --
The re-emergence of the principle? Ridge v Baldwin 610 --
The emergence of the procedural fairness doctrine and the appearance of the legitimate expectation --
Legitimate expectation - an entitlement to a procedural benefit or substantive benefit? --
The content of procedural fairness - legal representation and an ase o obligation to give reasons for decisions --
Conclusion --
II. The rule against bias --
Direct financial interests --
Indirect financial interests - a mere suspicion or a real likelihood? --
Clarifying the law? The Gough formulae --
Ideological bias in 'judicial' decisions --
Further clarifying the law? The Porter v Magill formula --
Bias in non-judicial proceedings --
Conclusion --
16 THE APPLICATION FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW --
The turning point? Barnard v National Dock Labour Board Tusco lo --
The Order 53 reforms 67% --
The initial Order 53 case law --
I. O'Reilly v Mackman --
Exceptions to the general principle? --
II. The post-O'Reilly case law --
he flip side of the O'Reilly coin --
A 'nature' not 'source' of power test - the Datafin, Aga Khan and Wachmann decisions --
III. Retreating from O'Reilly? The Roy case --
IV. Public law principle as a defence in criminal proceedings --
Conclusion --
17 LOCUS STANDI --
The 'old' case law --
Declaration and injunction - a restrictive test? --
Certiorari and prohibition - an expansive test? --
Mandamus-broad or narrow test? --
II. Section 31(3) of the Supreme Court Act 1981 and the Inland --
Revenue Commissioners case --
Standing in the private law stream --
III. Post-IRC developments --
Representative standing' --
Conclusion --
18 HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES 1: TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES --
I. Public protest and public order --
The classic dilemma - Beatty v Gillbanks --
The Public Order Act 1936 --
The Public Order Act 1986 --
II. Privacy S--
peech and communication --
Sado-masochistic sexual behaviour --
III. Freedom of speech --
Official secrecy --
The Official Secrets Act 1989 --
Blasphemy --
Contempt of court --
Political libels --
Conclusion --
19 HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES II:EMERGENT PRINCIPLES --
I. The European Convention on Human Rights --
introductory principles --
Institutional and jurisdictional issues --
The jurisprudential methodology of the Convention --
II. The initial status of the ECHR in domestic law --
Political responses - why did Parliament not incorporate the ECHR? --
Legal responses - the ECHR as a source of principle at common law --
III. The impact of the ECHR on domestic law 1: privacy --
Speech and communication --
Sado-masochistic sexual behaviour --
IV. The impact of the ECHR on domestic law 2: freedom of expression --
Official secrecy --
Political libels --
Contempt of court --
Blasphemy --
Conclusion --
20 HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES II: NEW SUBSTANTIVE GROUNDS OF REVIEW --
I. Judicial incorporation of the Convention --
The Convention in domestic law --
II. The (re-)emergence and consolidation of fundamental human rights as an indigenous principle of common law --
Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers Ltd in the House of Lords --
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Leech --
R v Secretary of State for Social Security, ex p Joint Council for the --
Welfare of Immigrants --
III. The judicial supremacism' controversy--
Judgments of the ECJ and the ECtHR --
Judgments in domestic courts on immigration policies A--
judicial response --
Lord Mustill's analysis Conclusion --
21 HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES IV: THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 --
I. The terms of the Act --
An incorporation of fundamental rights? --
Section 3 new rules of statutory interpretation? --
Section 4 - the 'Declaration of Incompatibility --
Section 6- the reach of the Act: vertical (and horizontal?) direct effect --
A special status for churches and the press? --
Questions of procedure --
On the separation of powers --
Political entrenchment? A new 'rights' culture within government --
and Parliament --
Conclusion --
II. The initial impact of the Human Rights Act --
The approach to statutory interpretation mandated by s 3 and the use of declarations of incompatibility --
The notion of 'deference' to legislative judgment --
The horizontality of the Act --
Proportionality as a ground of review of executive action --
Conclusion --
22 SCOTS AND WELSH DEVOLUTION --
The Scotland Act 1978 and the Wales Act 1978 --
I. The Scotland Act 1998 --
The terms of the Act --
The first Scottish Parliament and government Conclusion II. The Government of Wales Act 1998 --
Conclusion --
23 CONCLUSION - ENTRENCHMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL LAW REVISITED --
I. Issues of legality and legitimacy --
Questions of legitimacy --
Conclusion --
Bibliography --
Index.