Preface --
Note on Citations --
The Constitutional Setting --
The Elements of Constitutionalism --
The Doctrine of Separated Powers --
Implied Powers --
Custom and Acquiescence --
Appointment Powers --
Basic Principles --
The Power to Nominate --
Senate Advice and Consent --
Recess Appointments --
Temporary Appointments --
Theory in a Crucible: The Removal Power --
The "Decision of 1789" --
Controversies from Jackson to Cleveland --
Court Interpretations: 1789 to 1926 --
The Myers Case and Its Progeny --
Disloyalty Dismissals and Procedural Safeguards --
Removal Actions from Nixon to Bush --
The Congressional Presence --
Legislative Powers --
Delegation --
Checks on Delegated Power --
Nonstatutory Controls --
Administrative Legislation --
Vetoes: Presidential and Legislative --
The Presidential Veto --
Pocket Vetoes --
The Item Veto --
The Legislative Veto --
Chadha and Beyond --
Power over Knowledge: Seeking and --
Withholding Information --
Congressional Investigations --
The Speech or Debate Clause --
Impeachment --
Executive Privilege --
The Power of the Purse --
Constitutional Limitations --
Presidential Responsibility for Estimates --
Congressional Revision of Estimates --
The Budget Act of 1974 --
Secret Spending --
Combining Purse and Sword: The Iran-Contra Affair --
Treaties and Executive Agreements --
Treaties --
The Role of the House --
Treaty Termination --
Treaty Reinterpretation --
Executive Agreements --
Commander in Chief --
Executive Prerogative --
Life-and-Property Actions --
Delegated Emergency Powers --
The War Powers Resolution of 1973 --
Conclusions --
Appendix. The Constitution of the United States --
of America (Selections) --
Suggested Readings --
Index of Cases --
Subject.