Preface --
Table of cases --
Part 1 Constitutional law --
1 Conventions distinguished from laws --
1.1 The nature of constitutional conventions --
1.2 The distinction between laws and conventions --
1.3 The courts will admit evidence of conventions to T establish a cause of action --
1.4 Conventions cannot crystallise into law --
2 The rule of law --
2.1 Government according to the law --
2.2 Equality before the law --
2.3 Rights are declared by the common law --
3 Parliament and the courts --
3.1 The relationship of Parliament and the courts --
3.2 Privileges of Parliament --
3.3 Maintaining the constitutional balance between legislature and judicature --
4 The legislative sovereignty of Parliament --
4.1 Statute overrides international law --
4.2 Statute overrides political fact --
4.3 The courts and the legislative sovereignty of Parliament --
4.4 Challenge in the courts to derivative legislation --
4.5 The consequences of membership of the EuropeanT Union for the legislative sovereignty of Parliament --
5 The prerogative powers of the Crown --
5.1 Definitions --
5.2 Prerogative powers conflicting with law --
5.3 Prerogative powers unauthorised by law --
5.4 Legal challenge to the exercise of prerogative powers --
5.5 The relationship between prerogative and statute --
5.6 Particular prerogative powers --
5.7 Acts of State --
6 The Crown and its subjects --
6.1 Reciprocal duties --
6.2 The duties of the Crown are not enforceable --
7 The administration of justice --
7.1 The characteristics of a court --
7.2 Judicial immunity for acts done within jurisdiction --
7.3 Contempt of court --
7.4 The Attorney General and the enforcement of the law --
8 The police --
8.1 The police are servants of the Crown, not of wed local government --
8.2 The courts and the duty of the police to enforce the law --
8.3 The police have no general duty to individual members of the public --
Part 2 Administrative law --
9 Judicial review under Order --
9.1 The availability of judicial review --
9.2 Remedies available under Order 53 --
9.3 Public and private law --
9.4 Ouster clauses --
10 Who is subject to judicial review? --
10.1 The jurisdiction as formerly defined --
10.2 Recent expansion of the jurisdiction --
11 The requirement of locus standi --
1.1 The tests applied at the leave and at the substantive --
stages are not the same --
11.2 The test for locus standi may vary according to the remedy sought --
11.3 Recent decisions on locus standi --
12 The grounds for judicial review: illegality --
12.1 General definition of illegality --
12.2 The ultra vires doctrine--
12.3 The effect of a decision-maker's error of law --
12.4 Delegation of powers --
12.5 The exercise of discretion --
12.6 Relevant and irrelevant considerations --
12.7 The exercise of discretion for an improper purpose --
13 The grounds for judicial review: irrationality --
13.1 General definitions of irrationality --
13.2 Applications of the principle --
13.3 The test as applied to decisions approved he by Commons --
14 The grounds for judicial review: procedural impropriety --
14.1 General definition of the principle --
14.2 Express procedural requirements --
14.3 Natural justice e law --
14.4 Nemo iudex in causa sua: the role against bias bers --
15 The doctrine of legitimate expectations --
15.1 The emergence of the doctrine in English administrative law --
15.2 Legitimate expectation as a means of establishing locus standi --
15.3 Legitimate expectation as a means of securing procedural rights --
15.4 Legitimate expectation as a means of securing substantive rights --
15.5 Considerations overriding legitimate expectations --
16 The duty to give reasons --
16.1 The consequences of failure to give reasons --
16.2 Circumstances in which the common law imposes a duty to give reasons --
16.3 Rationales for the imposition of a duty to give reasons --
17 Proportionality --
17.1 Explicit discussion of disproportionality as a ground of review --
17.2 Implicit use of proportionality in judicial reasoning --
Part 3 Civil liberties and the common law --
18 The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms --
18.1 The Convention and the UK courts --
18.2 Common law procedures for the vindication of fundamental rights --
18.3 The attitude of the European Court of Justice --
19 Public assembly --
19.1 Restriction for the avoidance of public disorder --
20 Public order --
21 Protection of privacy --
21.1 Breach of confidence --
22 Freedom of expression --
22.1 Compatibility of English law and the Convention --
23 Freedom of religion --
23.1 The definition of 'religion' --
23.2 The extent of the association between Christianity and the law --
23.3 The law of blasphemy --
23.4 Religious discrimination and testamentary freedom --
24 Freedom of movement --
24.1 Freedom to travel abroad --
24.2 Exclusion orders: legal challenge --
24.3 Deportation --
25 Prisoners' rights --
25.1 Judicial review is available to vindicate the residual rights of prisoners --
25.2 Prisoners' rights of access to the courts --
26 The courts and police powers --
26.1 Police duties and the nature of the citizen's duty to assist the police --
26.2 The requirement of legal justification for police action --
26.3 The exercise of specific powers --
Index.