Part I DIFFUSION OF GOVERNMENTAL POWER AS A SHIELD FOR FREEDOM --
1. Judicial Review: Adjudication vis-à-vis Legislation in the Making of Public Policy.... --
Judicial Power, 3 --
Limitations on Judicial Power-Justiciability, 15 --
Introduction, 15 --
Standing to Litigate, 19 --
Political Questions, 35 --
Judicial Roles, 52 --
Organization and Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts, 54 --
2. The Separation of Powers: The President vis-à-vis Congress and the Courts in the Making of Public Policy Introduction, 59 --
Executive Policymaking: Domestic Affairs, 59 --
Executive Policymaking: Foreign Affairs, 72 --
Executive Appointing and Removal Powers, 81 --
Executive Privilege, 86 --
3. Federalism: The Nation and the States in the Making of Public Policy (National Authority).. 92 --
Introduction, 92 --
National Authority, 93 --
The National Commerce Power, 93 --
The National Power to Tax, 127 --
The National Spending Power, 139 --
Implied and Necessary and Proper Powers, 148 --
4. Federalism: The Nation and the States in the Making of Public Policy (State Authority). 157 --
State Regulation of Interstate Commerce, 157 --
State Taxation of Interstate Commerce, 175 --
Introduction, 175 --
State Intrusion on Federal Functions, 182 --
The Effect of Federal Legislation on State Authority, 183 --
Introduction, 183 --
Part II LIMITATIONS ON GOVERNMENTAL POWER AS A SHIELD FOR FREEDOM --
5. The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment.... 189 --
The Original Understanding, 189 --
The Evolving Fourteenth Amendment, 202 --
6. The Right to Privacy (Autonomy): Old and New.. 204 --
Private Property and Private Enterprise, 204 --
Introduction: The Contract Clause, 204 --
The Old Substantive Due Process, 212 --
The New Right to Privacy (Autonomy): Neosubstantive Due Process, 224 --
7. Rights of the Accused: The Fair Hearing.. 242 --
Introduction: The Incorporation Doctrine, 242 --
Arrest-Stop and Frisk, 259 --
Right to Counsel, 272 --
Trial by Jury (Disincorporation?), 279 --
Fair Tribunal and Prosecutor, 284 --
Search and Seizure, 290 --
Introduction, 290 --
What the Court Gives It May Take Away: The Decline of the Exclusionary Rule, 305 --
Confessions and Self-Incrimination, 307 --
Other Questionably Obtained Evidence, 322 --
Double Jeopardy, 333 --
Cruel and Unusual Punishment, 341 --
Plea Bargaining, 369 --
Introduction, 369 --
8. Free Speech, Press, and Association 382 --
Introduction, 382 --
Prior Restraint-Censorship, 383 --
Incitement or Discussion? 396 --
The Doctrines of Vagueness, Overbreadth, and Less Drastic Means, 417 --
Defamation and Invasion of Privacy , 421 --
Freedom of Association, 433 --
Access to the News Media, 436 --
The Public Forum, 441 --
The Private Forum, 455 --
Offensive Words and the Hostile Audience, 459 --
Symbolism: Action That Speaks, 466 --
The Election Process, 471 --
Press Problems: Freedom or Privilege? 480 --
A Right to Silence? (Privacy?), 495 --
Obscenity, 504 --
9. Equal Protection of the Law What Constitutes Discrimination? Evolving Judicial Standards, 520 --
Stage One: The Traditional Test, 520 --
Stage Two: A Warren Court Innovation, 522 --
Stage Three: Post-Warren Revisions, 523 --
Racial Classifications, 526 --
Introduction, 526 --
Racial Segregation, 535 --
The Roosevelt Court, 538 --
From Brown to Swann, 544 --
Affirmative Action-Reverse Discrimination, 558 --
Gender Classifications, 579 --
Suffrage Classifications, 598 --
Wealth Classifications, 610 --
Alienage Classifications, 623 --
10. Privacy and Race: The State-Action Problem... 627 --
Private Discrimination and the Fourteenth Amendment, 627 --
Private Discrimination and the Thirteenth Amendment, 643 --
11. Freedom of Religion 627 --
Separation of Church and State: The Establishment Prohibition, 648 --
Governmental Aid for Religion, 648 Religious Activity outside the Church, 656 --
The Free Exercise of Religion, 667 --
The Draft and the Conscientious Objector, 677 --
Appendix A: The Constitution of the United States --
Appendix B: Justices of the Supreme Court. --
Index of Cases.